{"id":1800,"date":"2024-08-03T14:27:24","date_gmt":"2024-08-03T14:27:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/staging.livision-optika.com\/edukativni-centar\/uveitis-inflammation-of-the-middle-layer-of-the-eye\/"},"modified":"2024-11-11T08:11:18","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T08:11:18","slug":"uveitis-inflammation-of-the-middle-layer-of-the-eye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/livision-optika.com\/edukativni-centar\/en\/uveitis-inflammation-of-the-middle-layer-of-the-eye\/","title":{"rendered":"Uveitis &#8211; inflammation of the middle layer of the eye"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">The middle layer of the eye, which consists of the iris (iris), the ciliary body and the choroid, is called the uvea, and its inflammation is called uveitis. Due to its close physical contact with the choroid, as well as due to their metabolic interdependence, inflammation or just a reaction of the inner eye membrane, i.e. the retina, often develops in parallel with inflammation of the uvea.  <\/span> <\/p>\n<p>Inflammation of the retina itself is called retinitis, and joint inflammation of the retina and choroid is called retinochorioiditis. Although, strictly anatomically speaking, it is about two membranes, in order to facilitate the understanding of inflammation, in this text we will also talk about inflammation of the retina due to many similarities with inflammation of the uvea.   <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Origin and division of the disease:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Uveitis is usually divided according to localization, course of the disease and the cause of its occurrence.  <br \/><br style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Division by localization:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior uveitis (lat. Uveitis anterior) affects the iris and the front part of the ray body.<\/li>\n<li>Intermediate uveitis (lat. Uveitis intermedialis) affects the back part of the ray body and the front part of the retina.<\/li>\n<li>Posterior uveitis (lat. Uveitis posterior) primarily affects the back part of the choroid and retina.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Division according to the course of the disease:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acute uveitis (lat. Uveitis acuta) occurs suddenly, the disease quickly reaches its peak, and subsides within 1-2, and at most within 8 weeks.<\/li>\n<li>Chronic uveitis (lat. Uveitis chronica) lasts more than 8 weeks. The symptoms are milder than in the acute type, and it is characteristic that the severe and mild phases of the disease alternate, that is, the disease that seems to have been cured can flare up again for seemingly no clear reason. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Division according to the cause of occurrence:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Exogenous uveitis is caused by agents from the environment that enter the eye after an injury or through a foreign body. This can be about a very large number of different microorganisms, bacteria, viruses and fungi. <\/li>\n<li>Endogenous uveitis occurs as a result of the action of microorganisms and other factors that are already in the patient&#8217;s body, and they enter the structures of the eye through the blood. These causative agents can simultaneously cause an inflammatory reaction in other organs and organ systems, but this is not the rule. <\/li>\n<li>Microorganism infections &#8211; this group includes diseases caused by numerous types of bacteria, fungi (candida), viruses (herpes simplex, herpes zoster, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus) and parasites (onchocercus volvulus, toxocara).<\/li>\n<li>Non-infectious uveitis, which affects only the eye, is very often associated with the HLA B27 factor (HLA is the tissue compatibility system). It is not entirely clear how they occur, and it is not always possible to distinguish them based on symptoms and clinical findings. <\/li>\n<li>Non-infectious uveitis affecting other systems &#8211; the disease occurs together with the disease of other tissues and organs, for example, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, etc. And this group is often divided into those in whom the HLA B27 gene is positive or negative .  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Symptoms:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Anterior and intermediate uveitis are characterized by a mild to moderate decrease in visual acuity. Vision impairment is caused by tiny inflammatory bodies that collect in the aqueous humor and &#8220;stick&#8221; to the inside of the cornea, iris and lens, and are called precipitates. If the amount of such bodies is large, they can partially or completely fill the space between the cornea and the iris. . Redness of the eye (the so-called ciliary stimulus) differs from the redness of ordinary inflammation of the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis) in that it is darker in color and is located closer to the edge of the cornea). The pain occurs as a result of involvement of the iris and ciliary body, and its intensity depends on the intensity of the inflammation. In rarer cases, pain also occurs due to increased eye pressure, glaucoma. Hypersensitivity to light and lacrimation are also present. In intermediate uveitis, gentle &#8220;flying&#8221; opacities are also present.<\/p>\n<p>Posterior uveitis is characterized by reduced visual acuity and cloudiness in front of the eye. The decrease in visual acuity is the result of the inflammatory process of the background of the eye, that is, its size and localization. Of course, larger inflammatory processes that affect areas closer to the macula or cause edema in it have a more negative impact on vision. Flying blurs in front of the eyes that start together with eye movements are in fact clouding of the vitreous body, i.e. accumulation of inflammatory cells and consequent changes in its structure.    <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Establishing a diagnosis:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Determining the existence of uveitis is a relatively easy task for an ophthalmologist. Determining its cause is difficult and complex, so sometimes not all questions are answered.<br \/> An examination in a specialist outpatient clinic shows with certainty which localization of uveitis it is, and gives only an inkling of possible causes. Depending on these first findings, a whole series of tests is performed, which may include the determination of blood sedimentation, analysis of the complete blood count, urine and X-ray of the lungs. Sometimes a whole series of serological and other additional tests are needed to prove the existence of certain microorganisms and to determine the HLA factor. In some cases, it is useful to perform a visual field examination as well as fluorescein angiography.      <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Treatment:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Treatment depends on the causative agent and symptoms of the disease. It includes antibiotic therapy and anti-inflammatory agents such as non-steroidal anti-rheumatic drugs, corticosteroid drugs or, fortunately in rare cases, cytostatics. There are also some newer means and methods of treatment that are used only in specific circumstances.<br \/> The usual way of administering corticosteroid drugs, which are used the most, is through retrobulbar injections, injections that are given through the eyelid or conjunctiva so that under the eyeball and behind it, the concentration of the drug is the highest, and the effect is the strongest and with the least harmful side effects.<br \/> In the case of anterior and intermediate uveitis, drops are used to widen the pupil, which has a positive effect on calming inflammation, reducing pain and lowering eye pressure.  <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/staging.livision-optika.com\/edukativni-centar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/429157798686895.jpg\"><\/p>\n<p>Administering a retrobulbar injection, by means of which the largest amount of medicine is kept right next to the eyeball.<\/p>\n<p>In some cases of involvement of the vitreous, its surgical removal, vitrectomy, is performed.  <\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, timely and comprehensive treatment is not always a guarantee of a positive development of the disease. As a consequence, synechiae (connections between the iris and the cornea or the lens, dangerous due to the possibility of causing eye pressure and other difficulties), complicated cataracts, opacities in the vitreous body and scars of the retina and choroid in which the ability to convert the light signal into a visible one can be left behind completely disappeared. However, the majority of cases end up with a complete cure or only less important consequences remain, and with the progress of technology and drugs and new knowledge about the causes and mechanism of the disease, the results of treatment are getting better.    <\/p>\n<p>Literature:<br \/> M.Sc. sc. Pavan Dr. Jo\u0161ko, &#8220;Eye Diseases&#8221;, Zagreb 2003. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The middle layer of the eye, which consists of the iris (iris), the ciliary body and the choroid, is called the uvea, and its inflammation is called uveitis. Due to its close physical contact with the choroid, as well as due to their metabolic interdependence, inflammation or just a reaction of the inner eye membrane, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2671,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1800","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diseases-and-errors-of-the-eye"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Uveitis - inflammation of the middle layer of the eye<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/livision-optika.com\/edukativni-centar\/en\/uveitis-inflammation-of-the-middle-layer-of-the-eye\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Uveitis - inflammation of the middle layer of the eye\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The middle layer of the eye, which consists of the iris (iris), the ciliary body and the choroid, is called the uvea, and its inflammation is called uveitis. 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